Lost in Brittany

“To be honest, the only sense of mystery about it, is why people find these detective novels interesting at all, honey. They really are predictable, in a way, you know? You know the murderer will get caught every time. It’s like reading something on railway tracks…” pleaded Brandy.

“Ha ha…,” said Jodie, drily.

Brandy had been reading Murder on the Orient Express by Agatha Christie (in French) on Jodie’s instructions, in order to “improve herself.” Brandy had struggled her way to the end of chapter nine last night and had finally decided she’d had enough. She decided, after finishing chapter nine, that she had to say something tomorrow. So about an hour ago, while she was driving the VW van they had hired, on the way to Brittany from the Cannes festival, Brandy had started to test the water, to see how Jodie would respond. But her twelve-year old daughter was soon peeved because she knew where the moaning was headed. Then horribly, after making her little joke, the girl had what clearly she thought was a brilliant idea.

“But why not read it for that reason?” Jodie said, brightly.  

Brandy felt speechless bewilderment descend upon her.  “What reason?” she said, in a panic.

Jodie looked at her, enthusiastically.  “To solve that mystery?”  

There was a pause, at a quick glance away from the road Brandy could see the brilliance and importance of the idea spreading slowly across her daughter’s face.  It was like a nightmare, but she had no idea what was coming next.

“Why do, actually, so many people read and love detective novels when they are, as you put it, so predictable?  It’s one of the best of ‘em and one of the best of hers, they say.  What better example to choose than Murder on the Orient Express by Agatha Christie?” 

Her daughter clearly thought something self-evident had been said.  But Brandy was lost for words.  Reading the ghastly thing was becoming a curious obsession of her daughter’s now, (the girl was worried about her mother’s general lack of discipline) and it was beginning to spoil Brandy’s holiday.  

“Because I don’t want to solve that mystery, honey.  I want a beach book I enjoy,” she said, pathetically.

“OK, so you wanna give up?  I geddit,” said Jodie, “You’re throwing in the towel.”  Brandy wasn’t having this.  

“I do not just wanna “give up” young lady, as you so disparagingly put it.  I have my reasons for doing so.”  Don’t get defensive.  Or pompous, she thought, hurriedly.

“What are they?  Let’s hear your reasons for abandoning the most popular novelist that ever lived,” mumbled Jodie, dejectedly.  Brandy realised urgently, she needed to rescue the situation.  She wasn’t going to go down this way.

“It is not a novel that deserves a reader, OK?”  Immediately, she realised that this was far too contentious a start, given what Jodie had just said about the bitch’s popularity.  It would provoke the girl.  Also, it was the conclusion of an argument not the beginning of one.  She had to remain very logical.  Not her strength, she knew.

“What?!” responded Jodie, inevitably.  “What does that even fucking mean? She’s the most widely translated novelist on the entire planet.  The world is full of readers reading a book that doesn’t deserve to be read?!! I don’t believe it.   There must be a reason for overwhelming popularity other than bad taste or stupidity.  It’s patronising and arrogant to think like that.  You know what?  That’s a fucking crime:  the crime of laziness and arrogance.”   Brandy was lost for words in the face of this patronising, naive and irritatingly beautiful defeat.  In response, she lunged with a weapon, so obvious, she couldn’t believe she had overlooked it so far.

“You haven’t even read the fucking book yet!” she shouted.   Keeping her cool, was not a strength of Brandy’s either. “How can I lose an argument about a book you haven’t even read? And I am not carrying out your private fucking investigation about why a formula I find boring is popular for God’s sake.  I’m on holiday and I’m trying to enjoy myself.”

“You said it was my holiday, because Alice got to Cannes.  And stop swearing.”

“Oh just… She mumbled the next two words: “fuck off!” 

Jodie laughed.  Then after a pause, continued in an infuriatingly measured tone,

“I want to hear your reasons, not just moaning, OK?”

“Please stop,” groaned Helena, who was clearly not asleep in the back.  

“Shut up, Helena. And secondly, saying a novel doesn’t deserve a reader is an opinion not an argument.”

“Oh for Chris’sakes, Jodie,” whined Brandy.  The bitch was now clearly enjoying her victory.  Jodie continued, with an annoying smile on her face, as she began to hammer the nails in.

“I just wanna hear your reasons for abandoning, what is widely regarded as one of the best novels by the most successful female – I would like to remind you, because it’s something that we all care about, right?”   The two women groaned loudly in response to the girl’s feminism.  “ – novelist on this planet, a book which has just been made into a Hollywood film with an all-star cast, which will almost certainly play in movie theatres all over the world.” 

The girl paused for thought then continued:  “Aaannnd, which will almost certainly not be abandoned by people after half an hour complaining it was boring.”

“Christ, I hate you!” said Brandy, emphatically.

“I hate both of you,” moaned Helena.

“Hating me is not a reason for quitting on Christie.  Shut up Helena,” Jodie, who thought she wasn’t very bright, nevertheless loved winning arguments (she often did) and was clearly happy about her mother’s entrapment.

Brandy pulled over suddenly, at the mouth of a farm entrance and turned to her daughter.

“Jodie, the woman is a snob, OK?  It is an offensive book.  I don’t give a damn how clever she was, or how fucking popular she was, she was a snob.  And I hate snobbery, and so do you.”

“She was British.  Of course, she was a snob.  They’re all snobs,” said Helena.  “It goes with the territory. Why have we stopped?”

“That must be a misperception.  Why would lots of readers love reading something snobbish?  Most people are not rich and therefore cannot be snobs.  And Helena, fucking shut up about the British,” said Jodie. “Your attitude is basically a form of racism, which is a prejudice, which means it is on a par with snobbery, which is simply another form of prejudice.  So, calling the British all snobs, is just as bad a being one.”

“A Brit?”

“No, a snob, you moron.”

“It’s the same thing.  Being British is being a snob.”

“Well then you’re fucking British, Helena. So stop knocking them,” snapped Jodie angrily.

“Oh my God.  She’s told me I’m British,” said Helena, simply.  “I wanna get out. I’ve had enough.  I can’t deal with this any more.”

“No! No one is getting out!” said Jodie, seriously.  “We are not leaving this mystery unsolved – Why was, sorry is, Agatha Christie so popular? That is now the objective of this holiday.”

On a par with? Objective? Am I now gonna pay for the private education of this major fucking pain in the ass?  It’s a holiday for Chris’ sakes.  I do not want a fucking OBJECTIVE other than my own pleasure!” 

“We all make mistakes when we educate our children sweet heart. They get vicious. I still love you,” said Helena, consolingly.

“Educating a girl can never be a mistake.  That is sexism.”   Jodie paused and said wonderingly, as if she had just made a discovery or was admiring a flower,

“Another form of prejudice.”

Brandy turned round to Helena,

“Listen to evidence-to-the-fucking-contrary-already over here?”   She turned around and looked at her daughter again.

“I don’t like the goddamned book, OK?” said Brandy.

“No, not OK.  A,”

“A?!!! Fuck off Jodie!” said Helena. “This van is not your university on wheels.”

“Stop swearing.  A,” she persisted,

“God help me,” said Brandy.

“He doesn’t exist,” said Helena.

“Ayyyyyyy,” drawled Jodie, more loudly and assertively.

“Ayyyyyyy,” mocked Helena.

“You have no tits yet, you know that?” said Brandy, somewhat desperately.

“That is a stupid remark and it does not hurt me at all because it is so childish.  You sound like a child when you talk like that, not me,” responded Jodie smartly and in the tone of a parent reprimanding a child.   She had had this thrown at her before.

“And from my own mother too!” she scolded, to ensure the guilt was well and truly embedded.

“I apologise,” said Brandy, dutifully and only a little sarcastically.

“Brandy, fuck this, just resort to violence,” said Helena,  “If God did exist, he would forgive you.  In fact, if he did exist, Jodie wouldn’t exist, because he’d fucking hate her too, so he’d kill her.   God cannot exist, because Jodie does.  Therefore,” said Helena, sitting up, and continuing logically, more her strength at times, than Brandy’s “since there is no God, the only question is how do we kill Jodie, cover our tracks and dispose of her body now that we are safe from divine fucking retribution?”   Despite the humour, she was getting genuinely annoyed.

“Stop!!” said Jodie, looking round at Helena genuinely hurt, apparently, although there was always the possibility, her mother knew, that they were both being played like a fiddle by the actress.  She could do that. “Neither of you will ever dare to hurt me physically and that is a mean thing to say,” said Jodie. There was a sulky, embarrassed silence from both parents.  

“Sorry,” said Helena, meaning it.  “Fuuuckiiiin Aaaaa,” she said, resignedly, after a deep breath.

“And,” said Jodie, excitedly, a fresh idea dawning on her, which she just had to share, “what got you so excited there were some of the fundamental and entertaining puzzles of  whodunnit stories, I imagine.   How DO you dispose of the body?” [wrong. Disposal of the weapon not the fucking body] said Jodie, sincerely delighted now and looking in turn at each of her two mothers.  She was surprised, then disappointed that her delight was not reciprocated on the faces of her victims, who exchanged blank glances with each other. 

“Helena?  I have a theory.  God does actually exist, he hates us and we are actually in hell,” said Brandy.

“It’s an interesting theory.  I’ll give it some thought.”

“Listen! A, ok?” Jodie paused for a while, searching her mind. “Shit! I’ve forgotten what fucking A was!”

“I was wrong Brandy, there is a God,” said Helena.

“Why is he fucking torturing us, like this?” asked Brandy, helplessly, raising and then slapping her two hands down onto the steering wheel.

“We’re gay,” said Helena contemptuously, in response to her lover’s stupidity.  “Jodie is our punishment.  Your theory does actually make sense. We are in hell.”

“That God must be a genius,” said Brandy, turning around to Helena.  “I can’t actually think of a worse punishment for being gay than our daughter, can you?”

“Will you shut up the pair of you?!!!  God, if it exists, by the way,” Jodie retorted angrily, before continuing, “and it maaaaay,” 

The two confirmed atheists groaned unsympathetically, both at their daughter’s unique use of the subject pronoun “it” and the possibility of a deity.  But their daughter’s nascent faith was irritatingly, not fragile at all in the face of cynicism, which she stubbornly refused to submit to.

“ …would be non-gendered and not a bigot of any kind.”

“Well then IT didn’t make Agatha fucking Christie darling, OK?  The woman is a bigot and a snob,” said Brandy.  Helena started laughing cruelly in response to this retort. 

There was a silence. “Says who?”  said Jodie unhappily, without much logic, in the face of the gale of laughter emanating from Helena.  She was somewhat nonplussed by the storm of cruel laughter, which reminded her of the school she had left behind.

“Says I, Jodie, the suffering reader of her shitty little book!”

Jodie suddenly erupted and then Brandy realised there was a whole other dimension to what had been going on.

“The world is NOT full of bigots!  Or hate! Or evil!” she screamed.  “That is not what people love about her.  That is NOT why she was popular!  Hate cannot EVER make a writer popular!  People are not evil,” shouted Jodie, at the top of her voice. 

“I hear Mein Kampf was actually pretty popular Jodie,” said Helena, trying to help the girl out of her naivety.  Brandy winced at the dangerous lack of tact.  Helena was always the last to get things, though she herself had been slow this time, she realised.  Too late.  I spotted this too late, she thought. The girl was going to go off like a bomb now.  

“SHUT UUUUUUUUUP!” screamed Jodie loudly, quivering with passion.  The volume the untrained actress could reach was astonishing.  A long silence inside the van ensued, but it was punctuated by loud sobs from the girl.

The erosion of her self-belief and her belief in others, which she nonetheless would not openly admit to, had started at school.  She had been called things, the really obvious names – dyke etc., as had Brandy and Helena when they were young.  Despite being warned by both women, not to tell pupils she had two mothers, she had done so.  

As the bullying had progressed with completely ordinary inevitability, as if it were on railway tracks, Jodie’s solution to it had become ever more unrealistic.  She insisted that “people just needed time” to see how “silly” they were being, to see how much the two women loved her and each other, to see how there was nothing ridiculous or “perverted” going on.  Finally, in the face of Jodie’s absurdly optimistic and stubborn protestations, Brandy had removed her from the public school she was attending.  

The new Lycee in the city was private, expensive, very good and liberal, but still an unknown.  Her daughter had had so much “faith in people, given some time” that she wanted to stay at her school, despite the treatment some boys had been giving her.  They had done real and substantial damage to her youngest.  Her incredibly smart daughter, who had taught herself to read by the time she was three years old, had started to suspect, despite so much evidence to the contrary, that she was stupid.  The main reason for the bullying was of course, her and Helena but also to some degree, envy about Jodie’s TV and film success. 

The girl had struggled to understand the dark and viral nature of bullying.  Her deepest doubts were hidden from her mother, out of love, but Brandy knew they were eating away at her daughter like cancer.  All the time Jodie had spent acting and making money for the family, had helped to make her a target, because she had begun to lag behind at school.  Moreover, because of the pressures of work, she was sometimes tired or distracted in class. She started to get answers wrong in class, making her more of a target.  Her instinct was not to hide.  Her heart- breaking faith in humanity led her to keep trying, refusing to shrink into a safer obscurity.  She continued to put her hand up a lot, despite her gradually failing confidence.  Soon she did so, even when she knew her answer was probably wrong.  Her answer to blatant social rejection was simply to persist, blindly believing that people around her would just change. Soon she was not only the daughter of a dyke and a dyke herself, she was a dumb dyke too.  Her grades fell off a cliff.  

The school did nothing.  The principal – a racist, conservative bigot – was deliberately unhelpful and rolled her eyeballs at Brandy when she broke down in her office.   She told Brandy, shaking her head, “I’m sorry Mrs Foster, you’re just going to have to get used to the fact that some people don’t fit in anywhere and your daughter really isn’t as bright as you want to think she is.”  Within the false, half-sympathetic smile,lurked the woman’s hatred and pleasure.  Brandy knew instantly that the bitch had been anticipating delivering this judgement, with unfeeling relish.  Jodie had sat next to her, passively, whilst her mother pleaded her daughter’s intelligence and her right to be better protected, with the principal.  Brandy had choked back her tears, grabbed the girl’s hand and marched out of the door.

But to Brandy’s shame, she had herself wavered after the humiliating meeting.  Believing she could put things right, she had nervously and desperately put her daughter through an IQ test with a psychologist.  On the day itself, Jodie had broken her heart.  Her extraordinary girl had never sounded more like an ordinary child, broken by bullies, than when she had said to Brandy in the psychologist’s crowded, claustrophobic waiting room, as the psychologist was opening the door to her office:

“Why are we doing this, when we know already I’m stupid?”

The result was a little above average, so the school’s final view (that Jodie was “merely average”) had horribly, not been proved sufficiently wrong to restore her daughter’s confidence in herself.   Or privately, her own mother’s.  Jodie had of course refused to do the test unless she was told the result, which she “knew” would be bad.  The Lycee agreed to take her, but it was a close thing, in the end.  It had been impossible to hide this from Jodie, which had hurt her even more.  The Lycee said they could be flexible about her acting career and without explicitly saying so, it was clear that they liked the fact that they had a TV actress enrolled.  Jodie knew her career (which she had yet to fall fully in love with), Brandy’s desperation and the kindness of the principal in response to that desperation had been the decisive factors.  The mediocre result of the IQ test had simply not been disappointing enough to outweigh these other things.  Brandy thought of all this, all they had been through while her girl wept.  Jodie started trying to stifle her sobs, so she could talk.

“And I know what you’re both thinking about and I did not need…moving,” she mumbled the last word.  “I just needed time…they just needed time, to get used to the idea…”  She paused, and then added, hesitantly, “of us…together.”

Brandy looked out the passenger window.  Helena was silent.  The sight of that fragile desperation [what?]now exposed in the little girl who still had a faith in people they would never deserve, completely floored Helena.  Like nothing else.  Brandy knew that Jodie was the only person who could knock Helena down.  And she knew from the silence, without looking, that she had just done so.  Helena was defenceless before such hopeful, pathetic and childlike decency. She lowered her head and shook it slowly at the floor of the van.

Jodie sniffed, as she tried to regain her composure.

“So, let’s take it from the top,…together,” said Jodie with endearing, but brittle composure, as if it mattered. As if it would change the way the world was. As if the truth about humanity was at stake and her own faith in life. “Why,…” the girl quivered slightly but carried on, carefully and protectively, as if walking hope before her like a wayward child, along a narrow plank spanning an awful precipice of profound, black disenchantment. “… do you” she continued, “NOT… understand… why Agatha Christie is popular… That is the question we all must answer. And because she was a boring snob who couldn’t, it turns out, write…is not an answer I,…or anyone else in this van…should accept.” She had picked up some speed and self-assuredness at the end.

She paused.  There was a silence in the van now.  Then, with deep feeling, despite the naivety, she said, “so let’s not give up.  Let’s not be quitters.  We’re Americans, OK?”

Brandy winced and put her hand to her face. Tears poured from her eyes at the naïve, sweet patriotism, another phase, along with the muddled Christianity her daughter was flirting with.  There was a longer, more painful silence.  Hope had vanished, into the precipice.

“OK, darling,” said Brandy quite broken, looking tearfully out of the driver’s side window.  But turning back again to look at her daughter, she said as bravely as she could, but without inner conviction,

“OK.  I’ll stick at it and I’ll try to explain to you why I didn’t want to.”  [she already has] Brandy looked through the windscreen and shrugged.  

“It’ll be good for you, you know that?  You need to stick at things,” said Jodie, dejectedly but still lovingly.

Brandy sighed. One of the girl’s extraordinary strengths was alloyed to one of her weaknesses. She never quit, but she never knew when to give up on people and walk away, just to protect herself.

The disappointingly grey, dull sky was beginning to darken.

“You know, it’s beginning to get dark honey and I don’t want to spend another night in this van, so we need to combine this artistic discussion with a little navigation, OK? We haven’t looked at the map for the last ten minutes and now, I’m afraid…” She looked at Jodie, “we’re lost.”

—————————————————————

“It’s the kind of novel Helena would write,” said the actress miserably. “It’s so sad, so give-up-on-everything.”

But Brandy and Helena were asleep now. She could hear Helena snoring gently and her Mom’s breathing. They may as well have not been there.

She remembered the Beast, in the clearing, mocking, speaking to sensitive, artist-like, optimistic, academic, gay, just-find-out-the-truth Simon:

“I’m the reason it’s a no-go?” sneered the Beast. And what else?

“Let’s just forget the whole thing…” Or something. You can’t beat me, it was saying, she knew. You can’t win.

“You’re Mom’s a dyke Foster! And you’re dumb.”

She realised she had pretended to herself that she had understood her bullies. But they were not comprehensible to her. Why do that to me? she thought desperately, trying to penetrate a moral language her nature did not allow her to understand, because it was not a moral language. It was more like…silence, she thought irrationally, as if stumbling into a room she had never been in before. Silence made no sense. Or had a blank sense of it’s own that frightened her. It communicated…what? Horror.

Why do that? Now the question seemed like the answer to itself. There was no answer. No point.

Because we can, said the pig’s head in the clearing, said the deafening, unreasoning hum of the flies. The girl closed her eyes so she could see the darkness.

That’s not an answer, said the girl.

Because you’re soft.

Because you’re Mom’s gay.

Not why? That’s not the right question.

The pig’s satisfied head grinned on it’s stick. Jodie had her eyes closed before it now, so she could see and hear it. The flies swarmed. They had to. They existed.

What would stop them? They were life.

She shuddered.

The girl watched, looked in to the darkness, looked at the pig’s head, at its ghastly, grinning mouth. She stood her ground, refusing to fall in. Jodie Foster stood frightened, but enquiring, just as Simon had done, before the Lord of the Flies.

I want to see you, she said, bravely, the small girl. All of you. I don’t care. All of you.

OK then, not why. It sniggered, like a wave of hate in a classroom.

Just…why not? it insinuated. Why not?

Because it’s cruel. And unfair.

It laughed in response.

So what. Why not?

She began to cry before it, because of the remembered pain and the unanswerability of the question: just, why not? Tears began to stream from her eyes.

Because it’s cruel. It’s unfair. And…it’s untrue.

Your Mom’s no dyke? You’ll be a dyke, sweetie. No stardom for you, even if you are good. People will find out.

I’m not stupid. I’m smart. Pretty smart. I had a bad day. Then she paused, hesitated, you’re lying.

It seemed struck by this, maybe.

You’re not truth, insisted Jodie. You’re just…power, persisted Jodie. You’re a liar.

You’re a liar. You wanted to kill yourself. And didn’t tell your mother. The abyss in its mouth yawned. It spoke—-“ Let’s forget all about this…”

The darkness was winning, she knew.

And a coward.

Just power? Again. It laughed, but less certainly.

And we give you power.

Why?

Because you like power. It’s your nature. Their nature. You just don’t have the whip hand.

Because I’m a dyke. Probably.

You got it.

So what?

Truth matters, you said so.

All truth?

No. Just the truths that matter. That it – “hurt your feelings” – doesn’t matter. If only it did? It teased.

Like, I’m a dyke.

It laughed, deeply, without care, with all its love of carnage.

Yes. That matters.

It’s stupid.

Is it? It was feeding now.

Roger’s arm, his aim, she thought. Why not? Closer, closer, closer. Nothing stopping him now. It had all failed. Civilisation had collapsed. A no-go. The boys’ behaviour on the island explained why.

Then she noticed something — Golding’s question mark.

“I’m the reason it’s a no-go?”

“Why the question mark?” she asked the Beast.

There was silence.

“What?” it said.

“You put a question mark at the end. Why?” It was pointless. Jodie just wanted to know.

There was more silence. Then,

“I don’t fucking know. Why not?”

“No, that won’t do. Why? If you’re invincible, why…a question mark? Everything’s in ruins. You did that. We did that. We will do that. We never get any better. That’s what you said.”

“Because you haven’t done it yet,” answered the Beast.

“If you’re gloating invincibly, if Golding is so despairing, why a question mark? Why the uncertainty…when in the book there is…certainty. It’s all over. You said so. I read carefully,” said the little girl.

She thought. It’s Simon’s own thought.

She turned back to the Beast.

“No. You wobbled. Why? Why not just—-“I’m the reason it’s a no-go — full stop? You said our “illness” is essential. We wanna destroy everything. You’re all doom and gloom. So why a question mark?”

Because Simon doesn’t yet know the answer.

He’s looking right at you. Right at the Lord of the Flies and he doesn’t know the answer?Why not? Why doesn’t he know the answer? Because he hasn’t been raped yet?”

Yes, it said, but more weakly. She’d weakened it.

“But Jack had…” it reminded her.

No! Said Jodie firmly at those three dots and all the ellipse implied. No!

“Why is the Lord of the Flies asking Simon a fucking question?“

Silence. But not horror this time. And still communicative.

Suddenly, she saw it differently.

She opened her eyes and said out loud in the dark, like an incantation—

“I’m the reason it’s a no-go, question mark.”

“ You put a question mark in Golding, you stupid bastard!”

She sat up, bolt upright.

“Mom? Wake up.”

Suddenly, human civilisation and all she dreamt it might one day deliver – fairness- kindness- hung, for the little girl, from a question mark.

A clerical error? Or artistry? No! An unconscious, self-defeating, ripple of optimism, or hope from the celebrated, pessimistic author’s subconscious mind:

I’m the reason it’s a no-go

?

He wanted to be wrong. That’s enough. Golding wanted to be wrong.

“Mom? Wake up!”

“Jodie, if this is about that fucking book again, I’m gonna shoot you.”

“The novel’s fiction. He doesn’t know. It’s not certain,” Jodie responded.

“The novel’s fiction, honey?”

“Do they have remedial classes at this expensive school?” Helena was awake.

“I didn’t put it well. Give me a second.”

“You want time to rethink “the-novel’s-fiction” remark?”

“I mean this. I’ve got something. It could save us all.”

“Oh good. I was worried about that. Jodie’s thought of something that’s gonna save us all from the Lord of the Flies. What is it, Jodie? A novel’s fiction? Don’t worry about anything in this novel! It’s fiction.”

“Give me a chance.”

“No, it’s two in the fucking morning.”

Jodie had another thought.

“Were you both pretending to be asleep?”

“No honey. Not at all,” said Brandy.

“Nope,” said Helena.

“The Lord of the Flies itself didn’t know,” said Jodie, solemnly. She paused to give the two women the chance to take this in.

“That the novel was fiction?” said Helena.

“That it would win,” replied Jodie.

“Win what, darling?” asked Brandy dutifully of her unusual daughter.

“Darling? Jodie, you’re a bitch.”

“Stop swearing Helena. There’s something about it. It’s like…Nazi’s…”

There was silence.

“Nazi’s… honey?” said Brandy, clearly trying not to laugh.

“Yes Brandy! Nazi’s!” scolded Helena. “ Don’t be an idiot!” Helena sat up pretending to be interested. “It’s like Nazi’s. Tell us daaarrrrling, just how it’s like Nazi’s!”

To be continued.

—————————————————————-